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Table 10 Adjusted SES gradients in child development by region with IPW adjustments for missing data

From: Measuring socioeconomic gaps in nutrition and early child development in Bolivia

  Height for age z-score Weight for age z-score Weight for height z-score
VARIABLES All Highlands Valleys Lowlands All Highlands Valleys Lowlands All Highlands Valleys Lowlands
Quintile 2 = 1 0.298*** (0.054) 0.240*** (0.086) 0.209*** (0.075) 0.302*** (0.095) 0.237*** (0.046) 0.193** (0.081) 0.267*** (0.069) 0.167** (0.075) 0.080* (0.045) 0.083 (0.066) 0.184** (0.080) -0.023 (0.096)
Quintile 3 = 1 0.626*** (0.052) 0.417*** (0.081) 0.608*** (0.071) 0.611*** (0.092) 0.449*** (0.049) 0.313*** (0.084) 0.486*** (0.079) 0.390*** (0.077) 0.113** (0.050) 0.080 (0.082) 0.198*** (0.076) 0.040 (0.104)
Quintile 4 = 1 0.766*** (0.058) 0.516*** (0.117) 0.659*** (0.085) 0.767*** (0.088) 0.539*** (0.052) 0.436*** (0.091) 0.406*** (0.082) 0.562*** (0.086) 0.160*** (0.049) 0.248** (0.105) 0.062 (0.073) 0.175 (0.108)
Quintile 5 = 1 0.941*** (0.063) 0.715*** (0.100) 0.772*** (0.084) 0.986*** (0.111) 0.691*** (0.059) 0.564*** (0.138) 0.544*** (0.088) 0.739*** (0.099) 0.212*** (0.057) 0.191 (0.148) 0.145 (0.089) 0.262** (0.108)
Female 0.119*** (0.035) 0.183*** (0.055) 0.130** (0.060) 0.040 (0.060) 0.085*** (0.030) 0.223*** (0.047) 0.063 (0.049) -0.005 (0.056) 0.038 (0.030) 0.177*** (0.053) 0.012 (0.046) -0.040 (0.054)
Constant -1.278*** (0.053) -1.599*** (0.092) -1.327*** (0.075) -0.800*** (0.097) -0.573*** (0.048) -0.781*** (0.081) -0.565*** (0.074) -0.304*** (0.094) 0.200*** (0.051) 0.159** (0.077) 0.247*** (0.075) 0.201 (0.126)
Observations 10,870 3,446 3,701 3,723 10,469 3,404 3,395 3,670 10,453 3,397 3,391 3,665
R-squared 0.102 0.069 0.080 0.113 0.056 0.054 0.037 0.057 0.015 0.020 0.013 0.029
  Stunting (%) Underweight (%) Overweight (%)
VARIABLES All Highlands Valleys Lowlands All Highlands Valleys Lowlands All Highlands Valleys Lowlands
Quintile 2 = 1 -0.112*** (0.018) -0.141*** (0.030) -0.074*** (0.028) -0.070** (0.033) -0.010 (0.006) -0.010 (0.010) -0.017* (0.009) -0.005 (0.013) 0.004 (0.009) 0.005 (0.014) 0.009 (0.016) -0.008 (0.019)
Quintile 3 = 1 -0.181*** (0.016) -0.190*** (0.031) -0.175*** (0.024) -0.118*** (0.026) -0.004 (0.006) -0.006 (0.010) -0.001 (0.010) -0.007 (0.010) 0.013 (0.010) 0.013 (0.017) 0.026 (0.017) -0.009 (0.024)
Quintile 4 = 1 -0.213*** (0.017) -0.196*** (0.037) -0.200*** (0.025) -0.158*** (0.030) -0.018*** (0.005) -0.022*** (0.007) -0.008 (0.010) -0.026*** (0.008) 0.020* (0.011) 0.048* (0.025) -0.001 (0.016) 0.012 (0.025)
Quintile 5 = 1 -0.232*** (0.016) -0.259*** (0.034) -0.219*** (0.022) -0.156*** (0.031) -0.015*** (0.006) -0.013 (0.011) -0.018** (0.009) -0.015 (0.010) 0.042*** (0.013) 0.050 (0.033) 0.011 (0.017) 0.055* (0.028)
Female -0.039*** (0.011) -0.067*** (0.025) -0.043** (0.018) -0.011 (0.016) -0.012*** (0.003) -0.017*** (0.005) -0.012* (0.006) -0.009 (0.006) -0.011 (0.007) 0.012 (0.011) -0.018 (0.012) -0.023* (0.013)
Constant 0.323*** (0.016) 0.382*** (0.031) 0.340*** (0.022) 0.200*** (0.031) 0.042*** (0.006) 0.041*** (0.010) 0.049*** (0.011) 0.036*** (0.011) 0.067*** (0.011) 0.055*** (0.017) 0.087*** (0.015) 0.066** (0.031)
Observations 10,870 3,446 3,701 3,723 10,453 3,397 3,391 3,665 10,453 3,397 3,391 3,665
R-squared 0.052 0.054 0.052 0.031 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.007 0.004 0.009 0.004 0.012
  Anemia (%) VAD (%) Iron deficiency (%)
VARIABLES All Highlands Valleys Lowlands All Highlands Valleys Lowlands All Highlands Valleys Lowlands
Quintile 2 = 1 -0.072*** (0.020) -0.116*** (0.031) -0.038 (0.032) -0.060* (0.033) 0.082 (0.052) -0.117 (0.084) 0.204** (0.080) 0.111 (0.110) 0.024 (0.047) 0.102 (0.078) 0.018 (0.070) -0.094 (0.092)
Quintile 3 = 1 -0.149*** (0.024) -0.139*** (0.046) -0.073** (0.036) -0.197*** (0.036) 0.060 (0.052) -0.158** (0.068) 0.025 (0.077) 0.158 (0.104) 0.047 (0.042) 0.104 (0.085) 0.135** (0.065) -0.065 (0.078)
Quintile 4 = 1 -0.170*** (0.025) -0.084** (0.042) -0.137*** (0.035) -0.190*** (0.042) -0.022 (0.063) -0.183** (0.092) -0.105* (0.060) 0.036 (0.126) 0.047 (0.050) 0.418*** (0.107) 0.088 (0.067) -0.098 (0.095)
Quintile 5 = 1 -0.278*** (0.023) -0.267*** (0.049) -0.232*** (0.032) -0.272*** (0.038) -0.080* (0.045) -0.182** (0.083) -0.058 (0.061) -0.096 (0.105) -0.059 (0.037) -0.022 (0.069) -0.022 (0.053) -0.098 (0.092)
Female -0.054*** (0.014) -0.085*** (0.029) -0.057*** (0.021) -0.028 (0.023) -0.001 (0.030) 0.011 (0.050) -0.005 (0.039) -0.006 (0.059) -0.110*** (0.031) -0.148*** (0.055) -0.132*** (0.043) -0.058 (0.053)
Constant 0.813*** (0.021) 0.907*** (0.032) 0.783*** (0.029) 0.749*** (0.039) 0.454*** (0.059) 0.611*** (0.104) 0.385*** (0.082) 0.504*** (0.133) 0.349*** (0.049) 0.465*** (0.088) 0.353*** (0.070) 0.270*** (0.100)
Observations 9,414 2,894 3,205 3,315 1,590 542 530 518 1,590 542 530 518
R-squared 0.042 0.045 0.040 0.034 0.017 0.039 0.046 0.034 0.028 0.111 0.051 0.011
  Gross motor z-score Communication z-score
VARIABLES All Highlands Valleys Lowlands All Highlands Valleys Lowlands
Quintile 2 = 1 -0.008 (0.070) 0.023 (0.103) -0.069 (0.092) -0.015 (0.186) -0.166** (0.074) -0.178 (0.108) -0.156 (0.108) -0.169 (0.173)
Quintile 3 = 1 -0.007 (0.066) 0.027 (0.141) -0.145 (0.089) 0.013 (0.111) 0.041 (0.063) -0.031 (0.117) 0.012 (0.104) 0.078 (0.114)
Quintile 4 = 1 0.006 (0.071) -0.025 (0.142) -0.179 (0.121) 0.039 (0.109) -0.083 (0.071) 0.012 (0.126) -0.155 (0.109) -0.129 (0.119)
Quintile 5 = 1 0.110 (0.073) -0.014 (0.173) -0.033 (0.101) 0.165 (0.150) 0.099 (0.078) 0.051 (0.163) 0.113 (0.101) 0.061 (0.153)
Female -0.101** (0.041) -0.073 (0.076) -0.064 (0.061) -0.154** (0.076) 0.065 (0.040) 0.055 (0.074) 0.044 (0.059) 0.096 (0.071)
Constant -0.031 (0.062) -0.076 (0.113) -0.047 (0.086) 0.084 (0.134) 0.084 (0.065) -0.034 (0.112) -0.003 (0.100) 0.284** (0.129)
Observations 5,753 1,909 1,912 1,932 5,753 1,909 1,912 1,932
R-squared 0.006 0.002 0.015 0.013 0.012 0.008 0.014 0.040
  1. Note: ***significant at the 1% level; ** significant at the 5% level; *significant at the 10% level. SE clustered at the PSU level (census sector or segment) in parentheses. OLS Estimation. Controls include child’s sex and a set of child dummies for age categories in months (0-2, 3-5, 6-8, 9-11, 12-14, 15-17, 18-20, 21-23, 24-26, 27-29, 30-32, 33-35, 36-38, 39-41, 42-44, 45-47, 48-50, 51-53, 54-56, 57-59). Quintiles are population quintiles using monthly per capita household consumption as the ranking variable. p-value (F-test for quintile effects) is the p-value of the F-test of Q2=Q3=Q4=Q5=0.
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International Journal for Equity in Health

ISSN: 1475-9276

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