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Table 11 Adjusted SES gradients in child development by child’s age with IPW adjustments for missing data

From: Measuring socioeconomic gaps in nutrition and early child development in Bolivia

  Height for age z-score Weight for age z-score Weight for height z-score
VARIABLES 3-11 Months 12-23 Months 24-36 Months 37-59 Months 3-11 Months 12-23 Months 24-36 Months 37-59 Months 3-11 Months 12-23 Months 24-36 Months 37-59 Months
Quintile 2 = 1 0.130 (0.126) 0.290*** (0.091) 0.378*** (0.086) 0.316*** (0.068) 0.199* (0.104) 0.308*** (0.091) 0.269*** (0.078) 0.209*** (0.061) 0.158 (0.101) 0.196** (0.090) 0.102 (0.083) 0.027 (0.068)
Quintile 3 = 1 0.435*** (0.136) 0.601*** (0.091) 0.695*** (0.079) 0.758*** (0.069) 0.387*** (0.106) 0.533*** (0.087) 0.393*** (0.085) 0.511*** (0.066) 0.208* (0.112) 0.293*** (0.086) 0.020 (0.091) 0.079 (0.065)
Quintile 4 = 1 0.610*** (0.134) 0.827*** (0.108) 0.958*** (0.088) 0.774*** (0.072) 0.445*** (0.127) 0.566*** (0.100) 0.672*** (0.085) 0.538*** (0.061) 0.106 (0.128) 0.231** (0.101) 0.195** (0.088) 0.141** (0.063)
Quintile 5 = 1 0.616*** (0.145) 0.974*** (0.126) 1.139*** (0.099) 1.066*** (0.084) 0.513*** (0.131) 0.778*** (0.106) 0.743*** (0.085) 0.754*** (0.082) 0.223* (0.125) 0.391*** (0.107) 0.155* (0.085) 0.166** (0.076)
Female = 1 0.174** (0.082) 0.239*** (0.074) 0.160** (0.063) -0.057 (0.052) 0.158** (0.073) 0.190*** (0.066) 0.116** (0.052) -0.083 (0.051) 0.090 (0.073) 0.103* (0.061) 0.046 (0.053) -0.054 (0.047)
Constant -0.658*** (0.153) -1.567*** (0.181) -2.074*** (0.302) -1.472*** (0.173) -0.369*** (0.124) -0.811*** (0.174) -1.000*** (0.225) -0.293 (0.204) 0.275** (0.128) -0.196 (0.184) 0.012 (0.231) 0.584** (0.228)
Observations 1,718 2,391 2,411 3,882 1,693 2,285 2,325 3,707 1,689 2,285 2,323 3,702
R-squared 0.047 0.092 0.126 0.129 0.033 0.066 0.081 0.076 0.007 0.019 0.009 0.005
  Stunting (<-2SD) Underweight (<-2SD) Overweight (>2SD)
VARIABLES 3-11 Months 12-23 Months 24-36 Months 37-59 Months 3-11 Months 12-23 Months 24-36 Months 37-59 Months 3-11 Months 12-23 Months 24-36 Months 37-59 Months
Quintile 2 = 1 -0.061* (0.032) -0.150*** (0.038) -0.118*** (0.039) -0.118*** (0.026) -0.010 (0.014) -0.032*** (0.012) -0.009* (0.005) 0.008 (0.011) 0.002 (0.022) 0.022 (0.017) 0.013 (0.019) 0.006 (0.014)
Quintile 3 = 1 -0.108*** (0.030) -0.205*** (0.034) -0.228*** (0.034) -0.193*** (0.026) -0.002 (0.018) -0.033*** (0.012) 0.004 (0.009) 0.007 (0.007) 0.019 (0.027) 0.022 (0.017) 0.007 (0.017) 0.019 (0.017)
Quintile 4 = 1 -0.132*** (0.029) -0.261*** (0.033) -0.260*** (0.032) -0.228*** (0.025) -0.027** (0.012) -0.031** (0.013) -0.009* (0.005) -0.008* (0.004) 0.013 (0.025) 0.006 (0.015) 0.036 (0.022) 0.025 (0.018)
Quintile 5 = 1 -0.098*** (0.034) -0.285*** (0.031) -0.298*** (0.033) -0.255*** (0.023) -0.029** (0.012) -0.029** (0.014) -0.006 (0.007) -0.000 (0.006) 0.012 (0.030) 0.062*** (0.024) 0.040* (0.023) 0.070*** (0.020)
Female = 1 -0.047** (0.021) -0.089*** (0.023) -0.061*** (0.023) 0.025 (0.017) -0.035*** (0.010) -0.006 (0.007) -0.004 (0.004) -0.008 (0.006) 0.005 (0.019) -0.002 (0.014) -0.020 (0.017) -0.025* (0.013)
Constant 0.216*** (0.030) 0.358*** (0.060) 0.566*** (0.090) 0.370*** (0.057) 0.069*** (0.016) 0.049** (0.023) 0.047** (0.021) -0.010 (0.021) 0.109*** (0.027) 0.020 (0.034) 0.002 (0.064) 0.089* (0.052)
Observations 1,718 2,391 2,411 3,882 1,689 2,285 2,323 3,702 1,689 2,285 2,323 3,702
R-squared 0.031 0.073 0.072 0.059 0.022 0.010 0.005 0.005 0.003 0.010 0.006 0.011
  Anemia Vitamin A deficiency Iron deficiency
VARIABLES 3-11 Months 12-23 Months 24-36 Months 37-59 Months 6-11 Months 12-23 Months 6-11 Months 12-23 Months
Quintile 2 = 1 -0.039 (0.050) -0.025 (0.036) -0.097*** (0.034) -0.096*** (0.033) 0.071 (0.095) 0.079 (0.059) 0.052 (0.078) 0.022 (0.055)
Quintile 3 = 1 -0.103* (0.054) -0.073* (0.038) -0.245*** (0.051) -0.165*** (0.040) 0.028 (0.080) 0.077 (0.060) 0.046 (0.070) 0.035 (0.050)
Quintile 4 = 1 -0.137** (0.056) -0.057 (0.041) -0.228*** (0.043) -0.234*** (0.039) -0.056 (0.089) -0.011 (0.069) 0.052 (0.071) 0.044 (0.066)
Quintile 5 = 1 -0.310*** (0.052) -0.254*** (0.044) -0.284*** (0.042) -0.285*** (0.038) -0.119 (0.078) -0.061 (0.054) -0.094* (0.055) -0.054 (0.048)
Female = 1 -0.074** (0.033) -0.038 (0.026) -0.000 (0.030) -0.082*** (0.024) -0.012 (0.048) -0.003 (0.038) -0.120** (0.047) -0.099*** (0.036)
Constant 0.440*** (0.063) 0.921*** (0.071) 1.205*** (0.126) 1.102*** (0.086) 0.381** (0.151) 0.216** (0.106) 0.080 (0.109) 0.543*** (0.086)
Observations 1,488 2,167 2,179 3,580 596 994 596 994
R-squared 0.089 0.040 0.057 0.057 0.020 0.016 0.048 0.037
  Gross motor z-score Communication z-score
VARIABLES 3-11 Months 12-23 Months 24-36 Months 3-11 Months 12-23 Months 24-36 Months
Quintile 2 = 1 -0.035 (0.101) -0.068 (0.099) 0.183 (0.111) -0.157 (0.108) -0.290*** (0.089) 0.068 (0.092)
Quintile 3 = 1 -0.029 (0.107) -0.036 (0.085) 0.127 (0.120) 0.200** (0.097) -0.259*** (0.085) 0.225** (0.089)
Quintile 4 = 1 -0.040 (0.102) 0.012 (0.118) 0.130 (0.113) -0.014 (0.107) -0.215** (0.103) -0.032 (0.111)
Quintile 5 = 1 -0.013 (0.111) 0.144 (0.095) 0.404*** (0.116) 0.200 (0.123) -0.114 (0.085) 0.228* (0.125)
Female = 1 -0.135** (0.060) -0.048 (0.066) -0.094 (0.070) 0.004 (0.064) 0.141** (0.063) 0.076 (0.059)
Constant -0.149 (0.112) -0.164 (0.154) -0.147 (0.248) 0.078 (0.120) 0.153 (0.158) -0.471 (0.290)
Observations 1,476 2,185 2,092 1,476 2,185 2,092
R-squared 0.011 0.007 0.019 0.021 0.017 0.014
  1. Note: ***significant at the 1% level; ** significant at the 5% level; *significant at the 10% level. SE clustered at the PSU level (census sector or segment) in parentheses. OLS Estimation. Controls include child’s sex and a set of child dummies for age categories in months (0-2, 3-5, 6-8, 9-11, 12-14, 15-17, 18-20, 21-23, 24-26, 27-29, 30-32, 33-35, 36-38, 39-41, 42-44, 45-47, 48-50, 51-53, 54-56, 57-59). Quintiles are population quintiles using monthly per capita household consumption as the ranking variable. p-value (F-test for quintile effects) is the p-value of the F-test of Q2=Q3=Q4=Q5=0.
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International Journal for Equity in Health

ISSN: 1475-9276

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