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Table 2 Adjusted SES gradients in child nutrition and development indicators by region

From: Measuring socioeconomic gaps in nutrition and early child development in Bolivia

  Height for age z-score Weight for age z-score Weight for height z-score
VARIABLES All Highlands Valleys Lowlands All Highlands Valleys Lowlands All Highlands Valleys Lowlands
Quintile 2 = 1 0.297*** (0.052) 0.252*** (0.084) 0.220*** (0.077) 0.291*** (0.088) 0.229*** (0.045) 0.193** (0.079) 0.268*** (0.071) 0.146** (0.072) 0.073 (0.045) 0.085 (0.065) 0.177** (0.078) -0.044 (0.094)
Quintile 3 = 1 0.647*** (0.051) 0.451*** (0.080) 0.656*** (0.071) 0.613*** (0.086) 0.451*** (0.049) 0.331*** (0.081) 0.501*** (0.084) 0.382*** (0.076) 0.110** (0.050) 0.095 (0.079) 0.197** (0.078) 0.027 (0.099)
Quintile 4 = 1 0.780*** (0.058) 0.526*** (0.107) 0.684*** (0.084) 0.775*** (0.086) 0.541*** (0.050) 0.450*** (0.088) 0.409*** (0.080) 0.556*** (0.087) 0.162*** (0.049) 0.265** (0.104) 0.056 (0.071) 0.168 (0.103)
Quintile 5 = 1 0.962*** (0.061) 0.722*** (0.096) 0.819*** (0.079) 1.014*** (0.107) 0.697*** (0.058) 0.555*** (0.126) 0.563*** (0.087) 0.746*** (0.096) 0.214*** (0.055) 0.182 (0.141) 0.143 (0.086) 0.253** (0.101)
Female 0.099*** (0.034) 0.179*** (0.052) 0.122** (0.056) 0.014 (0.058) 0.075** (0.029) 0.220*** (0.043) 0.064 (0.047) -0.018 (0.056) 0.033 (0.030) 0.169*** (0.053) 0.009 (0.046) -0.037 (0.056)
Constant -1.281*** (0.098) -1.534*** (0.189) -1.433*** (0.153) -0.706*** (0.133) -0.843*** (0.096) -1.114*** (0.138) -0.891*** (0.151) -0.433** (0.169) 0.132 (0.121) 0.110 (0.148) 0.256 (0.172) 0.030 (0.292)
Observations 10,870 3,446 3,701 3,723 10,469 3,404 3,395 3,670 10,453 3,397 3,391 3,665
R-squared 0.132 0.094 0.115 0.157 0.067 0.071 0.051 0.076 0.020 0.038 0.017 0.044
p-value (F-test for quintile effects) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0020 0.1649 0.0728 0.0146
  Stunting (%) Underweight (%) Overweight (%)
VARIABLES All Highlands Valleys Lowlands All Highlands Valleys Lowlands All Highlands Valleys Lowlands
Quintile 2 = 1 -0.112*** (0.018) -0.143*** (0.030) -0.077*** (0.029) -0.070** (0.032) -0.009 (0.006) -0.012 (0.009) -0.017* (0.009) -0.003 (0.013) 0.005 (0.009) 0.009 (0.014) 0.007 (0.016) -0.010 (0.017)
Quintile 3 = 1 -0.184*** (0.016) -0.198*** (0.031) -0.186*** (0.025) -0.120*** (0.026) -0.003 (0.005) -0.004 (0.010) -0.002 (0.010) -0.005 (0.009) 0.014 (0.010) 0.016 (0.018) 0.022 (0.017) -0.009 (0.021)
Quintile 4 = 1 -0.216*** (0.017) -0.201*** (0.037) -0.206*** (0.025) -0.161*** (0.029) -0.016*** (0.005) -0.020*** (0.007) -0.006 (0.010) -0.022*** (0.008) 0.023** (0.011) 0.049** (0.024) -0.003 (0.016) 0.017 (0.022)
Quintile 5 = 1 -0.236*** (0.016) -0.260*** (0.034) -0.229*** (0.022) -0.163*** (0.030) -0.013** (0.005) -0.013 (0.012) -0.017** (0.009) -0.012 (0.009) 0.046*** (0.012) 0.049 (0.032) 0.011 (0.016) 0.061** (0.025)
Female -0.034*** (0.011) -0.060** (0.024) -0.041** (0.018) -0.008 (0.016) -0.012*** (0.003) -0.018*** (0.006) -0.012* (0.006) -0.010 (0.006) -0.013* (0.008) 0.011 (0.011) -0.020 (0.012) -0.026** (0.013)
Constant 0.295*** (0.026) 0.310*** (0.049) 0.345*** (0.044) 0.169*** (0.036) 0.075*** (0.016) 0.052** (0.021) 0.089*** (0.031) 0.076*** (0.025) 0.119*** (0.029) 0.093** (0.043) 0.136*** (0.033) 0.136* (0.072)
Observations 10,870 3,446 3,701 3,723 10,453 3,397 3,391 3,665 10,453 3,397 3,391 3,665
R-squared 0.067 0.074 0.073 0.045 0.014 0.022 0.022 0.021 0.011 0.025 0.013 0.027
p-value (F-test for quintile effects) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0164 0.0083 0.2071 0.0008 0.0051 0.3072 0.5655 0.0097
  Anemia (%) VAD (%) Iron deficiency (%)
VARIABLES All Highlands Valleys Lowlands All Highlands Valleys Lowlands All Highlands Valleys Lowlands
Quintile 2 = 1 -0.103*** (0.020) -0.144*** (0.031) -0.046 (0.032) -0.080** (0.036) 0.067 (0.055) -0.122 (0.085) 0.216** (0.090) 0.134 (0.113) 0.029 (0.048) 0.095 (0.077) 0.032 (0.074) -0.074 (0.086)
Quintile 3 = 1 -0.164*** (0.023) -0.167*** (0.044) -0.092** (0.036) -0.161*** (0.033) 0.073 (0.049) -0.141** (0.063) 0.068 (0.077) 0.177* (0.100) 0.020 (0.043) 0.103 (0.094) 0.097 (0.063) -0.081 (0.078)
Quintile 4 = 1 -0.186*** (0.026) -0.097** (0.047) -0.171*** (0.036) -0.152*** (0.045) -0.023 (0.064) -0.184** (0.091) -0.106* (0.061) 0.050 (0.126) 0.019 (0.047) 0.322*** (0.109) 0.090 (0.060) -0.105 (0.090)
Quintile 5 = 1 -0.286*** (0.022) -0.334*** (0.044) -0.206*** (0.033) -0.244*** (0.031) -0.085* (0.044) -0.144* (0.081) -0.070 (0.061) -0.077 (0.108) -0.084** (0.038) -0.017 (0.077) -0.052 (0.056) -0.099 (0.090)
female -0.039*** 0.015) -0.058* (0.032) -0.045* (0.023) -0.014 (0.022) -0.012 (0.029) -0.017 (0.050) -0.017 (0.039) -0.009 (0.056) -0.109*** (0.029) -0.150*** (0.050) -0.122*** (0.044) -0.069 (0.047)
Constant 0.621*** (0.037) 0.802*** (0.070) 0.543*** (0.057) 0.526*** (0.058) 0.466*** (0.045) 0.601*** (0.088) 0.353*** (0.064) 0.547*** (0.102) 0.229*** (0.040) 0.358*** (0.075) 0.148** (0.057) 0.216** (0.095)
Observations 9,414 2,894 3,205 3,315 1,609 548 535 526 1,609 548 535 526
R-squared 0.097 0.096 0.110 0.101 0.034 0.086 0.060 0.072 0.046 0.091 0.090 0.046
p-value (F-test for quintile effects) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0079 0.1262 0.0062 0.0149 0.0239 0.0011 0.0499 0.8080
  Gross motor z-score Communication z-score
VARIABLES All Highlands Valleys Lowlands All Highlands Valleys Lowlands
Quintile 2 = 1 0.028 (0.072) 0.035 (0.085) -0.019 (0.086) 0.066 (0.227) -0.133* (0.071) -0.171** (0.082) -0.101 (0.106) -0.092 (0.176)
Quintile 3 = 1 0.016 (0.061) -0.000 (0.122) -0.099 (0.079) 0.106 (0.150) 0.037 (0.059) 0.042 (0.106) 0.039 (0.100) 0.056 (0.122)
Quintile 4 = 1 0.041 (0.069) -0.078 (0.161) -0.081 (0.112) 0.126 (0.144) -0.084 (0.067) -0.038 (0.149) -0.101 (0.110) -0.112 (0.113)
Quintile 5 = 1 0.210*** (0.070) -0.015 (0.149) 0.051 (0.090) 0.367* (0.197) 0.113 (0.073) -0.015 (0.136) 0.126 (0.108) 0.159 (0.156)
Female -0.076* (0.040) -0.059 (0.066) -0.080 (0.057) -0.088 (0.077) 0.091*** (0.035) 0.098 (0.060) 0.075 (0.062) 0.110* (0.063)
Constant -0.114 (0.076) -0.053 (0.135) -0.102 (0.104) -0.159 (0.206) 0.098 (0.078) -0.019 (0.129) 0.099 (0.139) 0.159 (0.140)
Observations 5,753 1,909 1,912 1,932 5,753 1,909 1,912 1,932
R-squared 0.015 0.027 0.033 0.025 0.016 0.017 0.031 0.048
p-value (F-test for quintile effects) 0.0076 0.9613 0.5239 0.0039 0.0082 0.2081 0.3110 0.1033
  1. Notes: ***significant at the 1% level; ** significant at the 5% level; *significant at the 10% level. SE clustered at the PSU level (census sector or segment) in parentheses. OLS Estimation. Controls include child’s sex and a set of child dummies for age categories in months (0-2, 3-5, 6-8, 9-11, 12-14, 15-17, 18-20, 21-23, 24-26, 27-29, 30-32, 33-35, 36-38, 39-41, 42-44, 45-47, 48-50, 51-53, 54-56, 57-59). Quintiles are population quintiles using monthly per capita household consumption as the ranking variable. p-value (F-test for quintile effects) is the p-value of the F-test of Q2=Q3=Q4=Q5=0.
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International Journal for Equity in Health

ISSN: 1475-9276

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