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Table 3 Adjusted SES gradients in child nutrition and development indicators by child’s age

From: Measuring socioeconomic gaps in nutrition and early child development in Bolivia

  Height for age z-score Weight for age z-score Weight for height z-score
VARIABLES 3-11 Months 12-23 Months 24-36 Months 37-59 Months 3-11 Months 12-23 Months 24-36 Months 37-59 Months 3-11 Months 12-23 Months 24-36 Months 37-59 Months
Quintile 2 = 1 0.133 (0.127) 0.288*** (0.095) 0.383*** (0.087) 0.313*** (0.069) 0.204* (0.106) 0.296*** (0.091) 0.267*** (0.080) 0.204*** (0.062) 0.165 (0.100) 0.186** (0.089) 0.097 (0.085) 0.025 (0.067)
Quintile 3 = 1 0.429*** (0.134) 0.617*** (0.091) 0.692*** (0.080) 0.749*** (0.069) 0.381*** (0.108) 0.538*** (0.087) 0.388*** (0.086) 0.508*** (0.066) 0.211* (0.112) 0.293*** (0.088) 0.015 (0.093) 0.079 (0.065)
Quintile 4 = 1 0.606*** (0.136) 0.821*** (0.104) 0.962*** (0.088) 0.768*** (0.074) 0.449*** (0.128) 0.561*** (0.100) 0.676*** (0.087) 0.538*** (0.061) 0.116 (0.129) 0.226** (0.103) 0.198** (0.090) 0.147** (0.063)
Quintile 5 = 1 0.608*** (0.146) 0.988*** (0.127) 1.124*** (0.099) 1.067*** (0.084) 0.521*** (0.131) 0.781*** (0.107) 0.739*** (0.086) 0.755*** (0.082) 0.241* (0.123) 0.390*** (0.108) 0.159* (0.086) 0.167** (0.076)
Female = 1 0.173** (0.084) 0.244*** (0.072) 0.157** (0.062) -0.061 (0.053) 0.165** (0.074) 0.193*** (0.065) 0.111** (0.053) -0.084 (0.052) 0.098 (0.073) 0.105* (0.061) 0.039 (0.054) -0.051 (0.048)
Constant -0.798*** (0.118) -1.665*** (0.099) -1.854*** (0.087) -1.646*** (0.092) -0.352*** (0.109) -0.728*** (0.089) -0.721*** (0.075) -0.539*** (0.092) 0.280*** (0.104) 0.107 (0.092) 0.376*** (0.074) 0.553*** (0.092)
Observations 1,718 2,391 2,411 3,882 1,693 2,285 2,325 3,707 1,689 2,285 2,323 3,702
R-squared 0.045 0.097 0.125 0.129 0.034 0.071 0.080 0.077 0.008 0.023 0.009 0.008
p-value (F-test for quintile effects) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1991 0.0027 0.1407 0.0864
  Stunting (%) Underweight (%) Overweight (%)
VARIABLES 3-11 Months 12-23 Months 24-36 Months 37-59 Months 3-11 Months 12-23 Months 24-36 Months 37-59 Months 3-11 Months 12-23 Months 24-36 Months 37-59 Months
Quintile 2 = 1 -0.061* (0.031) -0.149*** (0.039) -0.120*** (0.040) -0.116*** (0.027) -0.009 (0.014) -0.033*** (0.012) -0.009* (0.005) 0.008 (0.011) 0.002 (0.022) 0.022 (0.017) 0.014 (0.020) 0.004 (0.014)
Quintile 3 = 1 -0.103*** (0.030) -0.207*** (0.034) -0.225*** (0.036) -0.189*** (0.026) -0.000 (0.017) -0.035*** (0.013) 0.003 (0.009) 0.006 (0.007) 0.019 (0.027) 0.023 (0.018) 0.006 (0.017) 0.017 (0.017)
Quintile 4 = 1 -0.128*** (0.029) -0.261*** (0.034) -0.260*** (0.033) -0.224*** (0.026) -0.027** (0.012) -0.032** (0.014) -0.009* (0.005) -0.007 (0.004) 0.015 (0.025) 0.004 (0.014) 0.035 (0.022) 0.025 (0.018)
Quintile 5 = 1 -0.094*** (0.034) -0.286*** (0.032) -0.295*** (0.034) -0.255*** (0.023) -0.029** (0.011) -0.030** (0.014) -0.006 (0.007) -0.000 (0.006) 0.015 (0.030) 0.061*** (0.023) 0.042* (0.023) 0.069*** (0.020)
Female = 1 -0.045** (0.020) -0.090*** (0.024) -0.060*** (0.023) 0.026 (0.018) -0.035*** (0.010) -0.007 (0.007) -0.004 (0.004) -0.008 (0.006) 0.006 (0.019) -0.002 (0.014) -0.021 (0.018) -0.025* (0.013)
Constant 0.206*** (0.028) 0.407*** (0.032) 0.465*** (0.035) 0.327*** (0.030) 0.061*** (0.014) 0.040*** (0.014) 0.018** (0.007) 0.007 (0.005) 0.097*** (0.019) 0.036** (0.017) 0.050*** (0.019) 0.078*** (0.024)
Observations 1,718 2,391 2,411 3,882 1,689 2,285 2,323 3,702 1,689 2,285 2,323 3,702
R-squared 0.029 0.073 0.070 0.061 0.023 0.013 0.005 0.011 0.007 0.010 0.008 0.013
p-value (F-test for quintile effects) 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0466 0.0913 0.2188 0.1251 0.9426 0.0539 0.2821 0.0149
  Anemia Vitamin A deficiency Iron deficiency
VARIABLES 3-11 Months 12-23 Months 24-36 Months 37-59 Months 6-11 Months 12-23 Months 6-11 Months 12-23 Months
Quintile 2 = 1 -0.062 (0.044) -0.032 (0.036) -0.118** (0.045) -0.147*** (0.034) 0.067 (0.099) 0.068 (0.060) 0.048 (0.080) 0.015 (0.057)
Quintile 3 = 1 -0.117** (0.049) -0.058 (0.036) -0.244*** (0.045) -0.201*** (0.037) 0.057 (0.078) 0.085 (0.059) 0.026 (0.068) 0.015 (0.054)
Quintile 4 = 1 -0.165*** (0.057) -0.062 (0.043) -0.216*** (0.047) -0.250*** (0.036) -0.054 (0.089) -0.004 (0.072) 0.046 (0.070) 0.003 (0.067)
Quintile 5 = 1 -0.298*** (0.052) -0.236*** (0.044) -0.258*** (0.051) -0.324*** (0.035) -0.118 (0.078) -0.064 (0.054) -0.093* (0.055) -0.080 (0.052)
Female = 1 -0.062* (0.036) -0.032 (0.026) 0.002 (0.030) -0.057** (0.026) -0.021 (0.049) -0.006 (0.039) -0.109** (0.047) -0.110*** (0.035)
Constant 0.611*** (0.041) 0.829*** (0.038) 0.791*** (0.042) 0.726*** (0.042) 0.487*** (0.059) 0.283*** (0.054) 0.220*** (0.045) 0.347*** (0.057)
Observations 1,488 2,167 2,179 3,580 600 1,009 600 1,009
R-squared 0.094 0.037 0.050 0.067 0.021 0.019 0.057 0.041
p-value (F-test for quintile effects) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2829 0.0565 0.1933 0.3113
  Gross motor z-score Communication z-score
VARIABLES 3-11 Months 12-23 Months 24-36 Months 3-11 Months 12-23 Months 24-36 Months
Quintile 2 = 1 -0.058 (0.108) -0.067 (0.103) 0.179 (0.116) -0.161 (0.115) -0.293*** (0.090) 0.057 (0.097)
Quintile 3 = 1 -0.066 (0.107) -0.051 (0.087) 0.135 (0.121) 0.239** (0.098) -0.259*** (0.085) 0.233** (0.090)
Quintile 4 = 1 -0.060 (0.104) 0.002 (0.119) 0.146 (0.117) 0.006 (0.108) -0.199* (0.104) -0.025 (0.111)
Quintile 5 = 1 -0.032 (0.111) 0.143 (0.098) 0.439*** (0.114) 0.221* (0.119) -0.095 (0.088) 0.252** (0.125)
Female = 1 -0.135** (0.062) -0.035 (0.066) -0.079 (0.069) -0.003 (0.066) 0.148** (0.065) 0.091 (0.060)
Constant 0.024 (0.089) -0.066 (0.088) -0.210* (0.113) 0.067 (0.091) 0.032 (0.091) -0.229** (0.089)
Observations 1,476 2,185 2,092 1,476 2,185 2,092
R-squared 0.010 0.008 0.034 0.027 0.018 0.019
p-value (F-test for quintile effects) 0.9680 0.2535 0.0016 0.0007 0.0019 0.0283
  1. Notes: ***significant at the 1% level; ** significant at the 5% level; *significant at the 10% level. SE clustered at the PSU level (census sector or segment) in parentheses. OLS Estimation. Controls include child’s sex and a set of child dummies for age categories in months (0-2, 3-5, 6-8, 9-11, 12-14, 15-17, 18-20, 21-23, 24-26, 27-29, 30-32, 33-35, 36-38, 39-41, 42-44, 45-47, 48-50, 51-53, 54-56, 57-59). Quintiles are population quintiles using monthly per capita household consumption as the ranking variable. p-value (F-test for quintile effects) is the p-value of the F-test of Q2=Q3=Q4=Q5=0.
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International Journal for Equity in Health

ISSN: 1475-9276

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