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Table 7 Adjusted SES gradients in child development by subnational region: DBS Subsample

From: Measuring socioeconomic gaps in nutrition and early child development in Bolivia

  Height for age z-score Weight for age z-score Weight for height z-score
VARIABLES All Highlands Valleys Lowlands All Highlands Valleys Lowlands All Highlands Valleys Lowlands
Quintile 2 = 1 0.162 (0.125) -0.087 (0.168) 0.090 (0.170) 0.562** (0.255) 0.218* (0.111) 0.080 (0.177) 0.226 (0.168) 0.336* (0.189) 0.169 (0.107) 0.146 (0.174) 0.234 (0.185) 0.074 (0.177)
Quintile 3 = 1 0.481*** (0.121) 0.155 (0.179) 0.407** (0.195) 0.612** (0.240) 0.409*** (0.107) 0.354** (0.178) 0.462** (0.181) 0.250 (0.177) 0.203* (0.104) 0.340* (0.176) 0.333** (0.167) -0.082 (0.167)
Quintile 4 = 1 0.742*** (0.132) 0.736 (0.469) 0.360** (0.162) 0.817*** (0.231) 0.478*** (0.112) 0.491 (0.335) 0.260 (0.178) 0.410** (0.182) 0.126 (0.113) 0.154 (0.273) 0.081 (0.194) 0.011 (0.169)
Quintile 5 = 1 0.847*** (0.131) 0.526* (0.267) 0.794*** (0.184) 0.911*** (0.259) 0.686*** (0.116) 0.567** (0.217) 0.644*** (0.213) 0.603*** (0.174) 0.329** (0.136) 0.367 (0.293) 0.302 (0.241) 0.216 (0.174)
Female 0.275*** (0.073) 0.314*** (0.112) 0.177* (0.097) 0.448*** (0.135) 0.160** (0.073) 0.207 (0.140) 0.101 (0.112) 0.246* (0.128) 0.023 (0.082) 0.044 (0.147) 0.026 (0.147) 0.017 (0.134)
Constant -0.899*** (0.119) -1.327*** (0.187) -0.792*** (0.157) -0.577** (0.259) -0.397*** (0.108) -0.624*** (0.196) -0.191 (0.171) -0.333* (0.196) 0.212* (0.120) 0.263 (0.216) 0.401** (0.199) 0.030 (0.194)
Observations 1,597 544 530 523 1,553 534 502 517 1,553 534 502 517
R-squared 0.154 0.118 0.150 0.237 0.073 0.074 0.077 0.086 0.012 0.034 0.024 0.035
  Stunting (%) Underweight (%) Overweight (%)
VARIABLES All Highlands Valleys Lowlands All Highlands Valleys Lowlands All Highlands Valleys Lowlands
Quintile 2 = 1 -0.089** (0.044) -0.089 (0.076) -0.063 (0.072) -0.140 (0.086) -0.018 (0.018) -0.022 (0.030) -0.036 (0.025) 0.008 (0.024) -0.012 (0.016) 0.002 (0.026) -0.036 (0.027) -0.013 (0.026)
Quintile 3 = 1 -0.164*** (0.036) -0.221*** (0.063) -0.113* (0.066) -0.156** (0.067) -0.030* (0.017) -0.050* (0.026) -0.021 (0.032) -0.012 (0.016) 0.005 (0.017) -0.003 (0.013) 0.010 (0.036) -0.010 (0.029)
Quintile 4 = 1 -0.202*** (0.039) -0.187 (0.115) -0.146*** (0.055) -0.223*** (0.076) -0.026 (0.018) -0.051** (0.025) -0.006 (0.035) -0.014 (0.016) 0.001 (0.018) 0.058 (0.053) -0.020 (0.032) -0.021 (0.026)
Quintile 5 = 1 -0.224*** (0.035) -0.226*** (0.075) -0.193*** (0.048) -0.227*** (0.076) -0.024 (0.018) -0.049** (0.024) -0.022 (0.031) 0.005 (0.027) 0.034 (0.024) 0.070 (0.057) 0.025 (0.041) -0.001 (0.030)
Female -0.089*** (0.023) -0.079 (0.050) -0.050 (0.038) -0.139*** (0.038) -0.008 (0.009) -0.024 (0.018) -0.003 (0.019) -0.002 (0.009) 0.001 (0.014) 0.012 (0.022) 0.006 (0.029) -0.015 (0.020)
Constant 0.261*** (0.033) 0.322*** (0.073) 0.188*** (0.041) 0.288*** (0.076) 0.053*** (0.019) 0.084** (0.042) 0.023 (0.026) 0.053* (0.029) 0.062** (0.024) 0.080* (0.046) 0.081* (0.046) 0.042 (0.028)
Observations 1,597 544 530 523 1,553 534 502 517 1,553 534 502 517
R-squared 0.104 0.099 0.098 0.136 0.011 0.047 0.020 0.039 0.012 0.064 0.012 0.026
  Anemia (%) VAD (%) Iron deficiency (%)
VARIABLES All Highlands Valleys Lowlands All Highlands Valleys Lowlands All Highlands Valleys Lowlands
Quintile 2 = 1 -0.041 (0.045) -0.122* (0.067) 0.088 (0.069) 0.056 (0.098) 0.067 (0.055) -0.122 (0.085) 0.216** (0.090) 0.134 (0.113) 0.029 (0.048) 0.095 (0.077) 0.032 (0.074) -0.074 (0.086)
Quintile 3 = 1 -0.025 (0.042) -0.001 (0.056) -0.048 (0.077) 0.109 (0.095) 0.073 (0.049) -0.141** (0.063) 0.068 (0.077) 0.177* (0.100) 0.020 (0.043) 0.103 (0.094) 0.097 (0.063) -0.081 (0.078)
Quintile 4 = 1 -0.096** (0.045) 0.041 (0.064) -0.091 (0.067) 0.010 (0.105) -0.023 (0.064) -0.184** (0.091) -0.106* (0.061) 0.050 (0.126) 0.019 (0.047) 0.322*** (0.109) 0.090 (0.060) -0.105 (0.090)
Quintile 5 = 1 -0.182*** (0.049) -0.114 (0.088) -0.182*** (0.069) -0.054 (0.109) -0.085* (0.044) -0.144* (0.081) -0.070 (0.061) -0.077 (0.108) -0.084** (0.038) -0.017 (0.077) -0.052 (0.056) -0.099 (0.090)
Female -0.048* (0.028) -0.063 (0.051) -0.085* (0.051) -0.015 (0.042) -0.012 (0.029) -0.017 (0.050) -0.017 (0.039) -0.009 (0.056) -0.109*** (0.029) -0.150*** (0.050) -0.122*** (0.044) -0.069 (0.047)
Constant 0.741*** (0.045) 0.816*** (0.077) 0.767*** (0.071) 0.539*** (0.106) 0.466*** (0.045) 0.601*** (0.088) 0.353*** (0.064) 0.547*** (0.102) 0.229*** (0.040) 0.358*** (0.075) 0.148** (0.057) 0.216** (0.095)
Observations 1,593 545 528 520 1,609 548 535 526 1,609 548 535 526
R-squared 0.036 0.062 0.089 0.021 0.034 0.086 0.060 0.072 0.046 0.091 0.090 0.046
  Gross motor z-score Communication z-score
VARIABLES All Highlands Valleys Lowlands All Highlands Valleys Lowlands
Quintile 2 = 1 -0.168 (0.110) -0.204 (0.168) -0.057 (0.168) -0.417* (0.240) -0.302** (0.123) -0.499*** (0.181) -0.078 (0.186) -0.409 (0.250)
Quintile 3 = 1 -0.084 (0.106) -0.133 (0.221) -0.162 (0.165) -0.189 (0.197) -0.086 (0.111) -0.350** (0.175) 0.017 (0.187) -0.149 (0.197)
Quintile 4 = 1 -0.072 (0.148) -0.362 (0.293) -0.246 (0.250) -0.088 (0.271) -0.152 (0.127) -0.083 (0.252) -0.117 (0.190) -0.328 (0.222)
Quintile 5 = 1 0.173* (0.100) 0.154 (0.208) 0.193 (0.162) -0.097 (0.215) -0.016 (0.124) -0.098 (0.195) 0.203 (0.223) -0.290 (0.204)
Female -0.107 (0.071) 0.007 (0.137) -0.119 (0.109) -0.183 (0.111) 0.105 (0.085) 0.174 (0.130) 0.079 (0.141) 0.097 (0.141)
Constant -0.020 (0.101) -0.133 (0.165) -0.036 (0.144) 0.280 (0.251) 0.147 (0.109) -0.019 (0.190) 0.000 (0.160) 0.558** (0.214)
Observations 1,473 515 489 469 1,473 515 489 469
R-squared 0.021 0.031 0.044 0.051 0.022 0.056 0.020 0.062
  1. Note: ***significant at the 1% level; ** significant at the 5% level; *significant at the 10% level. SE clustered at the PSU level (census sector or segment) in parentheses. OLS Estimation. Controls include child’s sex and a set of child dummies for age categories in months (0-2, 3-5, 6-8, 9-11, 12-14, 15-17, 18-20, 21-23, 24-26, 27-29, 30-32, 33-35, 36-38, 39-41, 42-44, 45-47, 48-50, 51-53, 54-56, 57-59). Quintiles are population quintiles using monthly per capita household consumption as the ranking variable. p-value (F-test for quintile effects) is the p-value of the F-test of Q2=Q3=Q4=Q5=0.
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International Journal for Equity in Health

ISSN: 1475-9276

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