Table 8 Community level Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) breastfeeding interventions among women of color in the U.S.
| Study/Setting | Study Design/ methods | Study Population | Exposure/Intervention | Outcomes/Results | Grade |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Marshall et al. [80] PRAMS data |
Design: Retrospective Data:2004,2006,2008 Mississippi PRAMS |
N = 1739 W; 52.2% N = 1975 AA; 82% enrolled in WIC Mississippi | WIC vs. eligible non-WIC participants | WIC participation not associated with BF initiation among A | Low |
|
Gross et al. [81] WIC |
Design: Retrospective Data: WIC | N = 33,582; 50.5% AA; 23.8% H; 22.1% W; Maryland | BF support by PC, IBLC vs. standard of care (SC) | BF initiation rate higher for PC vs. IBLC and SC groups. | Very Low |
|
Washio et al. [83] WIC clinic |
Design: RCT Data: Baseline, 1,3,6 mo | n = 18 intervention; n = 18 control, 100% Puerto Rican; Philadelphia | WIC BF support services plus incremental financial incentives per month BF | Higher BF at 1, 3, and 6 mo vs. controls | Low |
|
Harari et al. [84] WIC clinics |
Design: pilot RCT Data: baseline intake; 2 wks p.p. phone survey | n = 32 intervention; n = 26 control; 75% H;17% AA; 6% W; New Haven CT | Personalized text messages + BF PC services during pregnancy and p.p. | EBF at 2 weeks higher in intervention (NS). Intervention mothers were contacted sooner and more likely to meet BF goals | Moderate |
|
Martinez-Brockman et al. [85] WIC clinics |
Design: RCT Data: baseline, 2 wks, 3 mo p.p. phone surveys |
N = 94 intervention n = 80 control 74.3 H%; CT | PC services + two-way text messages from pregnancy to 3 mo p.p. | EBF rates at 2 wks p.p. higher (NS). Intervention moms contacted sooner. NS between-group differences in EBF at 3 mo | Low |
|
Lovera et al. [86] WIC clinic |
Design: Quasi experimental Data: WIC records | n = 53 intervention; 100% H; n = 49 control 100% H; Brownsville TX | PC + peer dad counseling services | NS between-group difference in BF duration | Very low |
|
Reeder et al. [87] WIC clinics |
Design: RCT Data: 1st trimester, 7,30,60 days p.p. |
n = 645 PC high freq. n = 646 PC low freq. n = 657 control; 100% H; 4 clinics; Oregon | Low freq. PC group: 4 calls; High freq. PC group: 8 phone calls | Intervention increased EBF and any BF duration among Spanish speaking WIC participants. NS among English speaking. | Low |
|
Edmunds et al. [88] WIC clinics |
Design: Quasi-experimental. Data: 1st trimester, 7,30,60 days p.p. | n = 362 intervention; n = 408 control; 11.1% W, 30.7% AA, 51.2% H, 12 clinics; NY State | Individual counseling tailoring | Intervention increased EBF among H and AA at 30 & 60 days p.p. | Low |
|
Scheinmann et al. [89] WIC clinics |
Design: Quasi-experimental. Data: baseline, 3, 6 mo p.p. | N = 439; 100% H | 25-min English/Spanish educational BF video | NS differences in any BF between video and comparison groups at baseline, 3 & 6 mo | Very low |